The Gamification of Learning and Instruction: Game-based Methods and Strategies for Training and Education

List of Figures and Tables xii Contents on the Web xv Foreword by Kevin Kruse xvii Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxvii About the Author xxix Contributors xxxi Chapter 1 What Is Gamification? 1 Chapter Questions 1 Introduction 2 Gamification in Action 2 What Is a Game? 6 What Is Gamification? 9 What Gamification Is Not 12 Gamification Versus Serious Games 15 Growth of Gamification 18 Who Is Using Gamification 19 Implications and Importance to the Future of Learning 22 Key Takeaways 23 Chapter 2 It’s in the Game: Understanding Game Elements 25 Chapter Questions 25 Introduction 26 Abstractions of Concepts and Reality 26 Goals 28 Rules 29 Conflict, Competition, or Cooperation 31 Time 32 Reward Structures 33 Feedback 35 Levels 37 Storytelling 41 Curve of Interest 45 Aesthetics 46 Replay or Do Over 48 Implications and Importance to the Future of Learning 49 Key Takeaways 50 Chapter 3 Theories Behind Gamification of Learning and Instruction 51 Chapter Questions 51 Introduction 51 Motivation 52 The Taxonomy of Intrinsic Motivation 58 Self-Determination Theory 63 Distributed Practice 65 Scaffolding 66 Episodic Memory 67 Cognitive Apprenticeship 69 Social Learning Theory 70 Flow 71 Key Takeaways 74 Chapter 4 Research Says . . . Games Are Effective for Learning 75 Chapter Questions 75 Introduction 76 Game Research 76 Randel’s Meta-Analysis 77 Wolfe’s Meta-Analysis 80 Hays’ Meta-Analysis 80 Vogel’s Meta-Analysis 82 Ke’s Qualitative Meta-Analysis 83 Sitzmann’s Meta-Analysis 85 Elements of Games 88 Key Takeaways 101 Chapter 5 Leveling Up: What Gamification Can Do 105 Chapter Questions 105 Introduction 106 Improving Surgeon Hand-Eye Coordination 106 Solving Problems 108 Teaching Higher Order Skills 110 Thinking the Unthinkable 112 Thinking Like Your Opponent 113 Engaging Learners in a Live Classroom 115 Helping People Lose Weight 116 Making Physical Therapy More Enjoyable 119 Influencing Pro-Social Behavior 119 Testing Knowledge and Performance 123 Good for Young and Old 125 Key Takeaways 126 Chapter 6 Achiever or Killer? Player Types and Game Patterns 127 Chapter Questions 127 Introduction 128 Types of Play 128 Player Skill Levels 131 Bartle’s Player Types 132 Caillois’ Patterns of Play 137 Game Interactions 141 Key Takeaways 142 Chapter 7 Applying Gamification to Problem Solving 143 Chapter Questions 143 Introduction 144 Differences Between Novices and Experts 145 Turning Novices into Experts 147 Preparing Firefighters 158 Gamification of Problem Solving 161 Key Takeaways 164 Chapter 8 Applying Gamification to Learning Domains 165 Chapter Questions 165 Introduction 166 Declarative Knowledge 167 Conceptual Knowledge 171 Rules-Based Knowledge 177 Procedural Knowledge 181 Soft Skills 185 Affective Domain 185 Psychomotor Domain 187 Key Takeaways 190 Chapter 9 Managing the Gamification Design Process 193 Chapter Questions 193 Introduction 194 Development Process: ADDIE vs. Scrum 195 Team 202 Design Document 205 Paper Prototyping 216 Key Takeaways 217 Chapter 10 Congratulations! Selecting the Right In-Game Achievements, by Lucas Blair 219 Chapter Questions 219 Introduction 220 Measurement vs. Completion Achievements 220 Boring vs. Interesting Tasks 222 Achievement Difficulty 223 Goal Orientation 224 Expected vs. Unexpected Achievements 225 When Achievement Notification Occurs 227 Achievement Permanence 228 Who Can See Earned Achievements? 229 Negative Achievements 230 Achievements as Currency 231 Incremental and Meta Achievements 232 Competitive Achievements 233 Non-Competitive Cooperative Achievements 235 Key Takeaways 236 Chapter 11 Perspective of a Gamer, by Nathan Kapp 239 Chapter Questions 239 Introduction 240 Gamer Generation 240 Mario Kart: Thinking Outside the Box 240 Madden Football: Analyzing Problems 241 RuneScape: The Art of the Deal 243 Civilization Revolution: Balancing Resources 244 Games vs. School 245 Key Takeaways 246 Chapter 12 Casual Game Site: DAU Case Study, by Alicia Sanchez 247 Chapter Questions 247 Introduction 248 Games and Simulations in the Curriculum 248 DAU Casual Games Initiative 249 Games Portal 254 Key Takeaways 255 Chapter 13 Alternate Reality Games for Corporate Learning, by Koreen Olbrish 257 Chapter Questions 257 Introduction 258 Zombie Apocalypse 258 What Is an ARG? 259 ARG Terminology 260 Design Principles for ARGs 261 Potential of ARGs 263 Key Takeaways 264 Chapter 14 If You Want to Learn More, Play Games 265 Chapter Questions 265 Introduction 266 Pick a Card, Any Card—A Game of Phones 266 Survival Master 271 The Virtue of Gamification 274 Next Steps 275 Key Takeaways 276 Glossary 277 Notes 285 Index 297

Karl M. Kapp is a professor of Instructional Technology in Bloomsburg University's Department of Instructional Technology in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania and the assistant director of Bloomsburg University's acclaimed Institute for Interactive Technologies. He has authored or co-authored four books on the convergence of learning and technology, Integrated Learning for ERP Success, Winning e-Learning Proposals, Gadgets, Games and Gizmos for Learning and Learning in 3D.